This book reports findings of the first longitudinal study of fertility and family planning in India. The study was conducted in 1978-79 in a selected rural area in Uttar Pradesh, and focused on the fertility change, family planning acceptance, nuptiality, aspirations, sex preference, husband-wife communication and their context. The base-line data were taken from the large inventory of data generated in the Kanpur Project (1971) which was jointly sponsored by the Centre for Population Planning, University of Michigan and Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. This book presents a detailed discussion on fertility theories, longitudinal research, rural society, and demographic changes: policy implications of the research and questions for the future are also included.